Water Science and Engineering - 开云电竞网

Hydrological responses to permafrost degradation on Tibetan Plateau under changing climate

Xue-gao Chen, Zhong-bo Yu, Hui Lin, Tong-qing Shen, Peng Jiang — 2024-04-15

Xue-gao Chen, Zhong-bo Yu, Hui Lin, Tong-qing Shen, Peng Jiang The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has undergone significant warming and humidification in recent years, resulting in rapid permafrost degradation and spatiotemporal variations in hydrological processes, such as subsurface water transport, hydrothermal conversion, and runoff generation. Understanding the mechanisms of hydrological processes in permafrost areas under changing climate is crucial for accurately evaluating hydrological responses on the TP. This study comprehensively discusses the permafrost hydrological processes of the TP under changing climate. Topics include climate conditions and permafrost states, subsurface water transport under freeze–thaw conditions, development of thermokarst lakes and hydrothermal processes, and runoff response during permafrost degradation. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of permafrost changes and their hydrological responses, contributing significantly to water security and sustainable development on the TP. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 209-216.

Prediction of wetting pattern dimensions under moistube irrigation with a multivariate nonlinear model

Yan-wei Fan, Chong Ren, Zhi-wei Yang, Chang-yan Zhang, Wei-fan Yin — 2023-12-28

Yan-wei Fan, Chong Ren, Zhi-wei Yang, Chang-yan Zhang, Wei-fan Yin Moistube irrigation is a new micro-irrigation technology. Accurately estimating its wetting pattern dimensions presents a challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to develop models for efficient assessment of the wetting transport pattern in order to design a cost-effective moistube irrigation system. To achieve this goal, this study developed a multivariate nonlinear regression model and compared it with a dimensional model. HYDRUS-2D was used to perform numerical simulations of 56 irrigation scenarios with different factors. The experiments showed that the shape of the wetting soil body approximated a cylinder and was mainly affected by soil texture, pressure head, and matric potential. A multivariate nonlinear model using a power function relationship between wetting size and irrigation time was developed, with a determination coefficient greater than 0.99. The model was validated for cases with six soil texture types, with mean average absolute errors of 0.43–0.90 cm, root mean square errors of 0.51–0.95 cm, and mean deviation percentage values of 3.23%–6.27%. The multivariate nonlinear regression model outperformed the dimensional model. It can therefore provide a scientific foundation for the development of moistube irrigation systems. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 217-225.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes using a novel waste toner-based TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@nanographite nanohybrid: A sustainable approach

Kenneth Mensah, Hassan Shokry, Marwa Elkady, Hamada B. Hawash, Mahmoud Samy — 2024-01-23

Kenneth Mensah, Hassan Shokry, Marwa Elkady, Hamada B. Hawash, Mahmoud Samy This study synthesized a ferric oxide–nanographite (NG) nanocomposite (Fe₂O₃@NG) from waste toner powder through carbonization. Subsequently, a TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG nanohybrid was fabricated using the sol–gel technique to improve the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG nanocomposites were prepared at TiO₂:Fe₂O₃@NG ratios of 2:1 (Ti:T-21), 1:1 (Ti:T-11), and 1:2 (Ti:T-12). The porosity, morphology, surface chemistry, and chemical interactions between TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, and graphite in the prepared TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG nanocomposites were characterized using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. The TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG nanohybrid exhibited a reduced bandgap (2.4–2.9 eV) and enhanced charge carrier separation through charge transfer at the junction of the hetero-structured TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG nanohybrid. Preliminary experiments revealed that Ti:T-21 was the most effective photocatalyst for degrading acid blue-25 (AB-25) compared to Ti:T-11, Ti:T-12, sole TiO₂, and Fe₂O₃@NG. This study also investigated the impacts of catalyst dose and initial dye concentration on the AB-25 photocatalytic degradation. Notably, 97% of 5-mg/L AB-25 was removed using 1.25-g/L Ti:T-21 at an unmodified pH of 6.4 within 120 min. Furthermore, Ti:T-21 exhibited remarkable recyclability in its immobilized form, achieving degradation ratios of 74.7%–71.8% over five consecutive runs, compared to removal efficiencies of 85.0%–62.3% in the suspended mode. Trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals, holes, and superoxide as the principal reactive radicals. The TiO₂/Fe₂O₃@NG/light system was effective in disintegrating and mineralizing other synthetic dyes such as Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl red, indicating its potential for industrial-scale degradation of authentic dye wastewater. The utilization of waste toner for water treatment is highlighted as a strategy to promote environmental sustainability, foster a circular economy, and contribute to pollution remediation. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 226-235.

Head-mounted display-based augmented reality for water quality visualisation

2023-12-07

Jacky Cao, Xiaoli Liu, Xiang Su, Jonas Eilertsen Hædahl, Thomas Berg Fjellestad, Donjete Haziri, André Hoang-An Vu, Jari Koskiaho, Satu Maaria Karjalainen, Anna-kaisa Ronkanen, Sasu Tarkoma, Pan Hui Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and is nowhere near a good ecological or recreational state in many areas of the world. Moreover, only a small fraction of the water is potable. As climate change-induced extreme weather events become ever more prevalent, more and more issues arise, such as worsening water quality problems. Therefore, protecting invaluable and useable drinking water is critical. Environmental agencies must continuously check water sources to determine whether they are in a good or healthy state regarding pollutant levels and ecological status. The currently available tools are better suited for stationary laboratory use, and domain specialists lack suitable tools for on-site visualisation and interactive exploration of environmental data. Meanwhile, data collection for laboratory analysis requires substantial time and significant effort. We, therefore, developed an augmented reality system with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 device to explore the visualisation of water quality and status in situ. The developed prototype visualises geo-referenced sensor measurements incorporated into the perspective of the surroundings. Any users interested in water bodies’ conditions can quickly examine and retrieve an overview of water body status using augmented reality and then take necessary steps to address the current situation. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 236-248.

Sulfidation of nano zero-valent iron for enhanced hexavalent chromium removal performance

Xiu-juan Feng, Xiao-yi Wang, Dong-ming Li, Zhi-han Liu, Yue-long Yan — 2023-12-02

Xiu-juan Feng, Xiao-yi Wang, Dong-ming Li, Zhi-han Liu, Yue-long Yan Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and sulfidation-modified nZVI (S-nZVI) were synthesized and used to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in wastewater. Characterization of the products showed that the sulfidation process significantly changed the morphology of nZVI, with enhanced crystallinity. The effects of S/Fe ratio, pH value, and reaction temperature on Cr(VI) removal were studied. A S/Fe ratio of 0.5 was the most appropriate parameter, with a removal efficiency of 98% in the condition of pH = 2. The effects of anions (Cl^-, NO₃^-, CO₃^2-, and SO₄^2-) and cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency were investigated, and the relevant mechanisms were discussed. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of S-nZVI was significantly greater than that of nZVI, mainly owing to the existence of FeS layers that could protect Fe⁰ cores and prompt electron transfer. The aging and cycling experiments showed that S-nZVI could maintain its reactivity when facing the corrosion of water, and showed cycling stability. Thus, S-nZVI is an effective and feasible agent for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contained wastewater. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 249-256.

Preparation and application of Ag–Ce–O composite metal oxide catalyst in catalytic ozonation for elimination of Reactive Black 5 dye from aqueous media

2023-09-01

Nikita P. Chokshi, Abhi Chauhan, Rahul Chhayani, Sandip Sharma, Jayesh P. Ruparelia It is necessary to treat textile effluents before discharging them into natural water bodies as they harm the environment. Compared to conventional treatment methods, catalytic ozonation has gained attention due to its effectiveness in removing refractory organic pollutants. In this study, the coprecipitation method was used to synthesize a composite metal oxide of silver and cerium oxide, and the synthesized catalyst was used to eliminate the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analyses were performed to characterize the synthesized catalyst. Afterwards, relevant experimental parameters, such as pH, ozone and catalyst dosages, and initial dye concentration, were investigated. The experiments revealed that the optimal experimental conditions were a pH value of 10, a catalyst dosage of 0.7 g/L, and an ozone dosage of 60 L/h. In these optimized conditions, the RB5 dye was entirely removed, and a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 88% was achieved within a reaction time of 80 min. Furthermore, the recycling potential of the catalyst was tested for three cycles, and no deterioration in its activity was observed. Additionally, studies were conducted using a hydroxyl radical scavenger in order to understand the reaction pathway of the system. As a result, the indirect pathway was more dominant than the direct pathway in the system. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 257-265.

Microbial community diversity during algal inhibition using slow-release microcapsules of tea polyphenols

2024-05-23

Li-xiao Ni, Yuan-yi Fang, Cun-hao Du, Jia-jia Wang, Cheng-jie Zhu, Chu Xu, Shi-yin Li, Jian Xu, Xu-qing Chen, Hua Su Harmful algal blooms (HABs) resulting from eutrophication pose a major threat to ecosystems and human health, necessitating effective control measures. Allelochemicals have shown their importance in slowing down algal proliferation due to their proven efficacy and low ecological impacts. In this study, allelopathy tea polyphenols (TPs) and β-cyclodextrin were combined to prepare slow-release algicidal microcapsules, and the diversity of microbial community in the algal inhibition process was analyzed. Results showed that TP slow-release microcapsules had strong algicidal activity. When against Microcystis aeruginosa within 20 d, their constant inhibitory rate was up to 99% compared to the control group. Microbial diversity decreased with an increase in algae density, and the species richness and diversity of algae increased under the stress of TP slow-release microcapsules. The redundancy analysis showed that the environmental factors with impacts on the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities in descending order were dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of TP slow-release microcapsules to actual water. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 266-273.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Saussurea obvallata for efficient catalytic reduction of nitrophenol, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity

P.S.R. Vidya Sagar, Dharmasoth Ramadevi, Keloth Basavaiah, Sathish Mohan Botsa — 2023-09-15

P.S.R. Vidya Sagar, Dharmasoth Ramadevi, Keloth Basavaiah, Sathish Mohan Botsa Of several noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted special attention due to their distinct properties, such as favorable electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and catalytic and antibacterial activities. Green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts containing phytochemical agents has attracted considerable interest. This environmentally friendly approach is more biocompatible and cost-efficient and has the capability of supporting large-scale synthesis. This study developed an eco-friendly method for the preparation of AgNPs using the aqueous leaf extract of Saussurea obvallata as reducing and capping agents. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. The morphology of AgNPs was found to be spherical with an average crystallite size of 12 nm and a maximum absorbance at 410 nm. 10 mg of AgNPs had potential to reduce 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in 16 min and exhibited strong biological activities against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (12 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (13 mm). The antioxidant activity of the synthesized AgNPs was investigated against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and exhibited up to 61.21% ± 0.02% at an AgNPs concentration of 500 μg/mL. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 274-282.

Biogas and photovoltaic solar energy as renewable energy in wastewater treatment plants: A focus on energy recovery and greenhouse gas emission mitigation

Sevda Jalali Milani, Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi — 2023-11-22

Sevda Jalali Milani, Gholamreza Nabi Bidhendi Globalization has led to a rapid rise in energy consumption, making climate change one of the world's most pressing issues. As wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to climate change by emitting greenhouse gases (GHGs), this study estimated the total GHG emissions of WWTPs by classifying them as either direct or indirect carbon emissions. The effectiveness of the use of solar photovoltaic systems and biogas produced by WWTPs in increasing energy recovery and reducing GHG emissions was investigated. This study demonstrated that the use of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a biogas flow of 9 120.77 m³/d and an activated sludge processing system (ASPS) reactor with a biogas flow of 14 004 m³/d, in addition to the energy production from the UASB reactor (6 421.8 MW·h per year) and the ASPS reactor (9 860.0 MW·h per year), yielded a reduction of 3 316.85 and 5 092.69 t of CO₂ equivalent per year, respectively. Furthermore, the co-design of wastewater processes could be utilized to optimize biogas energy recovery. Moreover, the use of solar photovoltaic systems reduced GHG emissions from WWTPs. This is important to the transition to renewable energy because it resulted in a 10%–40% reduction in carbon emissions from WWTPs. Integrating renewable energy sources, biogas, and solar energy could provide up to 88% of the annual energy requirements of WWTPs. Recommendations are provided for further research considering the limited availability of integrated resources for studying the simultaneous utilization of photovoltaic and biogas systems. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 283-291.

Effect of aeration on low-substrate CANON process

2023-11-22

Qiong-qiong Xia, Wei Shang, Xing-can Zheng, Wen-an Zhang, Ya-xiong Wang, Yong-li Sun, Peng-feng Li The completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) is a new type of nitrogen removal process developed in recent years. The control of dissolved oxygen (DO) in this process is relatively stringent, especially in low-substrate wastewater treatment. However, the results of studies on the operation of the process in different aeration modes are still controversial, and investigations on biofilm type CANON reactors are limited. In this study, a pilot-scale CANON bioreactor filled with suspended carriers was investigated on the treatment of wastewater at low ammonium concentrations, and the effect of the aeration mode on autotrophic nitrogen removal was evaluated. Seven conditions with various aeration on/off times and DO levels were tested. The results showed that an intermittent aeration with a 20-min/20-min aeration on/off time and DO concentrations of 1.0–1.3 mg/L at the end of the aeration period was appropriate, potentially inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and keeping the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate at a relatively high level of 76.7% ± 2.5%. In the optimal aeration mode, the reactor achieved effluent TN and concentrations of (11.1 ± 3.3) mg/L and (3.6 ± 2.3) mg/L, respectively, with a hydraulic retention time of 12 h and an influent concentration of (48.6 ± 9.4) mg/L at 30.1°C ± 2.2°C. The results of metagenomic sequencing for microorganisms on carriers indicated that the main nitrogen removal bacteria in the reactor were Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Nitrospirae. The NOB genus Nitrospira was completely inhibited by intermittent aeration. Candidatus Kuenenia had strong adaptability to low-concentration wastewater. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 292-299.

Numerical modeling of a mooring line system for an offshore floating wind turbine in Vietnamese sea conditions using nonlinear materials

Hien Hau Pham — 2023-10-31

Hien Hau Pham The offshore renewable energy industry has been developing farms of floating offshore wind turbines in water depths up to 100 m. In Vietnam, floating offshore wind turbines have been developed to increase the production of clean and sustainable energy. The mooring system, which is used to keep the turbine stable and ensure the safety and economic efficiency of wind power production, is an important part of a floating offshore wind turbine. Appropriate selection of the mooring type and mooring line material can reduce the risks arising from the motion of wind turbines. Different types of mooring line material have been simulated and compared in order to determine the optimal type with the minimum motion risk for a floating wind turbine. This study focused on numerical modeling of semi-taut mooring systems using nonlinear materials for a semi-submersible wind turbine. Several modeling approaches common to current practice were applied. Hydrodynamic analysis was performed to investigate the motion of the response amplitude operators of the floating wind turbine. Dynamic analysis of mooring systems was performed using a time domain to obtain the tension responses of mooring lines under the ultimate limit states and fatigue limit states in Vietnamese sea conditions. The results showed that the use of nonlinear materials (polyester and/or nylon) for mooring systems can minimize the movement of the turbine and save costs. The use of synthetic fibers can reduce the maximum tension in mooring lines and the length of mooring lines. However, synthetic fiber ropes showed highly nonlinear load elongation properties, which were difficult to simulate using numerical software. The comparison of the characteristics of polyester and nylon mooring lines showed that the maximum and mean tensions of the nylon line were less than those of the polyester line. In addition, the un-stretched length of the polyester line was greater than that of the nylon line under the same mean tension load. Therefore, nylon material is recommended for the mooring lines of a floating offshore wind turbine. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 300-308.

Hydraulic characteristics and flow trajectories under two-sided asymmetric inflow conditions for a deep storage tunnel system

2023-11-25

Wei He, Chao Yu, Xiao-dong Yu, Jian Zhang, Jose G. Vasconcelos, Hui Xu, Shou-ling Chen Deep storage tunnels (DSTs) are used in densely urbanized areas to relieve stormwater collection systems, thereby reducing urban floods and runoff pollution, due to their substantial storage capacity. The computation of the hydraulic characteristics and flow trajectories of DSTs under rapid filling scenarios can help to predict sediment deposition and pollutant accumulation associated with the stored runoff, as well as the likelihood of operational problems, such as excessive surging. However, such assessments are complicated by various inflow scenarios encountered in tunnel systems during their operation. In this study, the Suzhou River DST in China is selected as a study case. Particles were tracked, and hydraulic analysis was conducted with scaled model experiments and numerical models. The flow field, particle movement, air-water phase, and pressure patterns in the DST were simulated under various one- and two-sided inflow scenarios. The results showed that with regards to the design conditions involving two-sided inflows, flow reversals occurred with stepwise increases in the water surface and pressure. In contrast, this phenomenon was not observed under the one-sided inflow scenario. Under the asymmetric two-sided inflow scenarios, water inflows led to particle accumulation near the shaft, reducing the received inflows. However, under the symmetric inflow conditions, particles were concentrated near the middle of the tunnel. Compared to those under the symmetric inflow scenario, asymmetric inflow caused surface wave and entrapped air reductions. This study could provide support for regulation of the inflow of the Suzhou River DST and for prediction of sediment and pollutant accumulation. Water Science and Engineering. 2024 17(3): 309-318.