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2026,46(3):1-11
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.001
Abstract:
This paper employs historical analysis, policy text research, and practical case studies to systematically examine the historical evolution of river and lake management in China, as well as the reform and innovation measures adopted in the new era. It summarizes the experiences gained from river and lake management practices in the new era and, by applying theories such as ecosystem services, sustainable development, collaborative governance, and public participation, proposes the transformation directions and implementation pathways for river and lake management in China. Research indicates that China has always attached great importance to the development of river and lake management. Currently, guided by the new development philosophy and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on river and lake management, China has promoted the implementation of the River and Lake Chief System, the national strategy for major rivers and the national water network, and the creation of Beautiful and Happy Rivers and Lakes. These practices have collectively shaped a set of reform experiences suited to the new era in river and lake management: adhering to the guidance of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought, leveraging the advantages of the national system for accomplishing major tasks, fully utilizing the role of the River and Lake Chief System, consistently upholding the concept of systematic governance, continuously strengthening the river and lake supervision system, and vigorously enhancing the application of new technologies. In the new era, river and lake management needs to achieve five major transformations: from focusing primarily on river and lake project construction to emphasizing river and lake resource allocation, from river and lake development and utilization to ecological rejuvenation, from government-dominated management of rivers and lakes to societal participation in management, from focusing on river and lake health to the construction of Beautiful and Happy Rivers and Lakes, and from traditional river and lake management to the realization of the value of ecological products. These transformations aim to further enhance the effectiveness of river and lake management, achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and ensure the sustainable utilization of river and lake functions.
This paper employs historical analysis, policy text research, and practical case studies to systematically examine the historical evolution of river and lake management in China, as well as the reform and innovation measures adopted in the new era. It summarizes the experiences gained from river and lake management practices in the new era and, by applying theories such as ecosystem services, sustainable development, collaborative governance, and public participation, proposes the transformation directions and implementation pathways for river and lake management in China. Research indicates that China has always attached great importance to the development of river and lake management. Currently, guided by the new development philosophy and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on river and lake management, China has promoted the implementation of the River and Lake Chief System, the national strategy for major rivers and the national water network, and the creation of Beautiful and Happy Rivers and Lakes. These practices have collectively shaped a set of reform experiences suited to the new era in river and lake management: adhering to the guidance of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought, leveraging the advantages of the national system for accomplishing major tasks, fully utilizing the role of the River and Lake Chief System, consistently upholding the concept of systematic governance, continuously strengthening the river and lake supervision system, and vigorously enhancing the application of new technologies. In the new era, river and lake management needs to achieve five major transformations: from focusing primarily on river and lake project construction to emphasizing river and lake resource allocation, from river and lake development and utilization to ecological rejuvenation, from government-dominated management of rivers and lakes to societal participation in management, from focusing on river and lake health to the construction of Beautiful and Happy Rivers and Lakes, and from traditional river and lake management to the realization of the value of ecological products. These transformations aim to further enhance the effectiveness of river and lake management, achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and ensure the sustainable utilization of river and lake functions.
2026,46(3):12-21
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.002
Abstract:
This paper reviews the research progress on the characteristics of hydrodynamic-induced cavitation bubble collapse from both experimental and numerical simulation perspectives. In terms of experimental approaches, the advantages and disadvantages of two main methods of hydrodynamically inducing bubbles, namely electric spark and laser, are compared and analyzed. The research progress on the physical characteristics of bubble collapse is elaborated from four aspects: free field, near-wall region, far-wall region, and the interaction between bubbles and particles. In terms of numerical simulation, the development of bubble numerical simulation methods is reviewed from macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic and multi-scale perspectives, with a focus on the interaction mechanisms between cavitation bubbles and walls, particles, and other bubbles during the collapse process. It is pointed out that future research on hydrodynamic-induced bubbles can be carried out in directions such as improving synchronous observation techniques, innovating pressure measurement technologies, and promoting deep integration with artificial intelligence and big data technologies.
This paper reviews the research progress on the characteristics of hydrodynamic-induced cavitation bubble collapse from both experimental and numerical simulation perspectives. In terms of experimental approaches, the advantages and disadvantages of two main methods of hydrodynamically inducing bubbles, namely electric spark and laser, are compared and analyzed. The research progress on the physical characteristics of bubble collapse is elaborated from four aspects: free field, near-wall region, far-wall region, and the interaction between bubbles and particles. In terms of numerical simulation, the development of bubble numerical simulation methods is reviewed from macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic and multi-scale perspectives, with a focus on the interaction mechanisms between cavitation bubbles and walls, particles, and other bubbles during the collapse process. It is pointed out that future research on hydrodynamic-induced bubbles can be carried out in directions such as improving synchronous observation techniques, innovating pressure measurement technologies, and promoting deep integration with artificial intelligence and big data technologies.
2026,46(3):22-30, 120
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.003
Abstract:
As a typical megacity facing water quality-induced water scarcity, Shanghai suffers from limited local water resources. Although transit water resources are abundant, the security of its water supply is severely challenged by threats such as saltwater intrusion and sudden pollution incidents. Based on the natural geographic conditions and water resources zoning of Shanghai, this paper introduces the composition of the city’s water resources, the characteristics of water quantity and quality, and the current utilization status. Based on existing research, methods for analyzing and estimating local water resources, transit water resources and their corresponding exploitable quantities are summarized. The limitations of certain traditional methods when applied to highly urbanized river network regions are identified and future research directions are proposed.
As a typical megacity facing water quality-induced water scarcity, Shanghai suffers from limited local water resources. Although transit water resources are abundant, the security of its water supply is severely challenged by threats such as saltwater intrusion and sudden pollution incidents. Based on the natural geographic conditions and water resources zoning of Shanghai, this paper introduces the composition of the city’s water resources, the characteristics of water quantity and quality, and the current utilization status. Based on existing research, methods for analyzing and estimating local water resources, transit water resources and their corresponding exploitable quantities are summarized. The limitations of certain traditional methods when applied to highly urbanized river network regions are identified and future research directions are proposed.
2026,46(3):31-36, 79
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.004
Abstract:
To address the mismatch between point-scale physical formulations of runoff generation and concentration and their application at the watershed scale, a prototype rainfall-runoff experiment was conducted in the Nandawa experimental catchment from 2017 to 2018. Multi-source observations, including total runoff, stratified runoff components, groundwater level, and soil moisture, were collected. Based on the representative elementary watershed (REW) theory, watershed-scale conservation equations were derived using mass conservation principles, and a distributed REW hydrological model was developed. Layered runoff simulations and validations were then performed in the nested watershed in conjunction with the Xin’anjiang model. The results show that the REW model effectively reproduces seasonal runoff dynamics, with good agreement between simulated and observed series in terms of both trend and magnitude. Errors mainly occur during extreme rainfall events. The layered runoff simulation results based on the five-subzone structure are in good agreement with the observed data, effectively capturing surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater runoff. The simulated soil moisture content is generally consistent with the measured values. The runoff simulation method based on the REW model provides a new technical pathway for hydrological process simulation and mechanism analysis in small-scale watersheds.
To address the mismatch between point-scale physical formulations of runoff generation and concentration and their application at the watershed scale, a prototype rainfall-runoff experiment was conducted in the Nandawa experimental catchment from 2017 to 2018. Multi-source observations, including total runoff, stratified runoff components, groundwater level, and soil moisture, were collected. Based on the representative elementary watershed (REW) theory, watershed-scale conservation equations were derived using mass conservation principles, and a distributed REW hydrological model was developed. Layered runoff simulations and validations were then performed in the nested watershed in conjunction with the Xin’anjiang model. The results show that the REW model effectively reproduces seasonal runoff dynamics, with good agreement between simulated and observed series in terms of both trend and magnitude. Errors mainly occur during extreme rainfall events. The layered runoff simulation results based on the five-subzone structure are in good agreement with the observed data, effectively capturing surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater runoff. The simulated soil moisture content is generally consistent with the measured values. The runoff simulation method based on the REW model provides a new technical pathway for hydrological process simulation and mechanism analysis in small-scale watersheds.
2026,46(3):37-41, 101
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.005
Abstract:
Given the increasing abundance of water quality monitoring data, this study develops a variational data assimilation model for one-dimensional unsteady river water quality simulation based on the optimal control theory of partial differential equations, with the goal of improving the accuracy of river water quality simulation and prediction. Twin numerical experiments are conducted using the water quality decay coefficient, initial conditions, upstream boundary conditions, and river pollutant load processes as control variables. The results indicate that the model can extract useful information from observations, rapidly correct the control variables, and identify spatially distributed water quality decay coefficients, initial conditions, upstream boundary conditions, and river pollutant load processes, thereby enabling model predictions to approach the actual water quality dynamics of the river.
Given the increasing abundance of water quality monitoring data, this study develops a variational data assimilation model for one-dimensional unsteady river water quality simulation based on the optimal control theory of partial differential equations, with the goal of improving the accuracy of river water quality simulation and prediction. Twin numerical experiments are conducted using the water quality decay coefficient, initial conditions, upstream boundary conditions, and river pollutant load processes as control variables. The results indicate that the model can extract useful information from observations, rapidly correct the control variables, and identify spatially distributed water quality decay coefficients, initial conditions, upstream boundary conditions, and river pollutant load processes, thereby enabling model predictions to approach the actual water quality dynamics of the river.
2026,46(3):42-50
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.006
Abstract:
To investigate the effects of opening time of vacuum breaking valve on transient hydraulic characteristics of a mixed-flow pump unit during the shutdown process, a full-flow geometric model of the pump unit was established. The actual vacuum breaking valve device was simplified into a ball valve model with equivalent flow area, and the coupling of ball valve opening-closing motion and impeller rotation was realized by the dynamic mesh technology. Three schemes with different valve opening times were designed, namely the advanced opening scheme, the synchronous opening scheme, and the delayed opening scheme. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the shutdown transient process were carried out. The influence mechanism of valve opening time on hydraulic stability during the shutdown process was explored from three aspects: external performance, pressure fluctuation characteristics, and internal flow characteristics. Combined with the entropy production theory, the energy dissipation law during the shutdown process was revealed. The results show that the external performance parameters, pressure fluctuation and internal flow field evolution present similar variation tendencies under different valve opening schemes, while differences exist in temporal evolution process and variation amplitude. The opening time of the valve exerts remarkable impacts on the transient performance of the unit. Compared with the synchronous opening scheme, the advanced opening scheme reduces the peak values of torque and axial force, yet it may induce more severe initial hydraulic impact. In contrast, the delayed opening scheme delays the operating condition transition, which makes the reverse extreme values of torque and axial force increase to 1.26 times and 1.21 times those of the synchronous opening scheme, respectively, and amplifies the pressure fluctuation amplitude at the siphon crown. Moreover, the delayed opening scheme significantly increases the hydraulic energy loss in the impeller region. In summary, the synchronous opening scheme can effectively suppress hydraulic oscillation, reduce load impact and energy loss while maintaining favorable shutdown efficiency, which is the optimal strategy for stable shutdown of the pump unit.
To investigate the effects of opening time of vacuum breaking valve on transient hydraulic characteristics of a mixed-flow pump unit during the shutdown process, a full-flow geometric model of the pump unit was established. The actual vacuum breaking valve device was simplified into a ball valve model with equivalent flow area, and the coupling of ball valve opening-closing motion and impeller rotation was realized by the dynamic mesh technology. Three schemes with different valve opening times were designed, namely the advanced opening scheme, the synchronous opening scheme, and the delayed opening scheme. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the shutdown transient process were carried out. The influence mechanism of valve opening time on hydraulic stability during the shutdown process was explored from three aspects: external performance, pressure fluctuation characteristics, and internal flow characteristics. Combined with the entropy production theory, the energy dissipation law during the shutdown process was revealed. The results show that the external performance parameters, pressure fluctuation and internal flow field evolution present similar variation tendencies under different valve opening schemes, while differences exist in temporal evolution process and variation amplitude. The opening time of the valve exerts remarkable impacts on the transient performance of the unit. Compared with the synchronous opening scheme, the advanced opening scheme reduces the peak values of torque and axial force, yet it may induce more severe initial hydraulic impact. In contrast, the delayed opening scheme delays the operating condition transition, which makes the reverse extreme values of torque and axial force increase to 1.26 times and 1.21 times those of the synchronous opening scheme, respectively, and amplifies the pressure fluctuation amplitude at the siphon crown. Moreover, the delayed opening scheme significantly increases the hydraulic energy loss in the impeller region. In summary, the synchronous opening scheme can effectively suppress hydraulic oscillation, reduce load impact and energy loss while maintaining favorable shutdown efficiency, which is the optimal strategy for stable shutdown of the pump unit.
2026,46(3):51-57
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.007
Abstract:
To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic effects of concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) on deep overburden in seismically active regions, seismic response analyses of CFRDs on deep overburden were conducted using a three-dimensional wave propagation analysis method that accounts for the dynamic interaction between the dam, overburden, and foundation, considering key factors such as valley width, overburden characteristics, and ground motion properties. The results show that edge effects near the abutments induce relatively large acceleration responses at dam crest regions in the vicinity of both abutments. The high-frequency filtering effect of the deep and soft overburden attenuates the acceleration at the dam crest in the valley section. Under strong seismic loading, the reduction in soil modulus and increase in damping further reduce the acceleration response at the dam crest in the valley dam segment. The local areas near the dam crest close to the abutments are identified as potential weak areas in terms of slope sliding stability, for which targeted reinforcement measures are recommended.
To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic effects of concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) on deep overburden in seismically active regions, seismic response analyses of CFRDs on deep overburden were conducted using a three-dimensional wave propagation analysis method that accounts for the dynamic interaction between the dam, overburden, and foundation, considering key factors such as valley width, overburden characteristics, and ground motion properties. The results show that edge effects near the abutments induce relatively large acceleration responses at dam crest regions in the vicinity of both abutments. The high-frequency filtering effect of the deep and soft overburden attenuates the acceleration at the dam crest in the valley section. Under strong seismic loading, the reduction in soil modulus and increase in damping further reduce the acceleration response at the dam crest in the valley dam segment. The local areas near the dam crest close to the abutments are identified as potential weak areas in terms of slope sliding stability, for which targeted reinforcement measures are recommended.
2026,46(3):58-63
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.008
Abstract:
Based on observed data from 212 hydrological stations in the Yangtze River Basin, this paper analyzes the nonlinear relationships among peak discharge, precipitation, antecedent soil saturation, and drainage area. It verifies the powerlaw relationships between peak discharge and precipitation as well as antecedent soil saturation, and quantitatively analyzes the relationship between peak discharge and the ratio of relative antecedent soil saturation to relative rainfall intensity (SPR). Specifically, the relationships between the basin mean slope and the coefficients (both the constant and the independent variable coefficients) of the linear fitting equation relating SPR to peak discharge are investigated.The results show that with the increase of drainage area, the influence of precipitation on rainstorm-induced floods weakens, while that of antecedent soil saturation strengthens. With the increase of SPR, peak discharge first increases and then decreases. The basin mean slope is positively correlated with the constant coefficient but negatively correlated with the independent variable coefficient.
Based on observed data from 212 hydrological stations in the Yangtze River Basin, this paper analyzes the nonlinear relationships among peak discharge, precipitation, antecedent soil saturation, and drainage area. It verifies the powerlaw relationships between peak discharge and precipitation as well as antecedent soil saturation, and quantitatively analyzes the relationship between peak discharge and the ratio of relative antecedent soil saturation to relative rainfall intensity (SPR). Specifically, the relationships between the basin mean slope and the coefficients (both the constant and the independent variable coefficients) of the linear fitting equation relating SPR to peak discharge are investigated.The results show that with the increase of drainage area, the influence of precipitation on rainstorm-induced floods weakens, while that of antecedent soil saturation strengthens. With the increase of SPR, peak discharge first increases and then decreases. The basin mean slope is positively correlated with the constant coefficient but negatively correlated with the independent variable coefficient.
2026,46(3):64-72
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.009
Abstract:
To investigate the influence of vegetation patch distribution patterns on open-channel flow characteristics, three vegetation patch coverage ratios and four patch fragmentation degrees were designed under non-submerged conditions. Numerical simulations of flow through longitudinally discontinuous rigid vegetation patches in a river channel were conducted using ANSYS Fluent. The results show that the longitudinally discontinuous distribution of vegetation patches disrupts the continuity and uniformity of flow velocity in the flow field.When the unit patch size is constant, an increase in vegetation patch coverage ratio leads to a greater velocity difference between the patch region and the mainstream region. When the vegetation patch coverage ratio is constant, an increase in patch fragmentation degree promotes the homogenization of flow velocity across the entire flow field. Flow turbulence is relatively strong in the region from the vegetation bottom to half of the water depth, and both patch coverage ratio and patch fragmentation degree are important factors affecting turbulence intensity.An increase in patch coverage ratio enhances turbulence characteristics in the mainstream region, whereas an increase in patch fragmentation degree intensifies turbulence characteristics within the patches.
To investigate the influence of vegetation patch distribution patterns on open-channel flow characteristics, three vegetation patch coverage ratios and four patch fragmentation degrees were designed under non-submerged conditions. Numerical simulations of flow through longitudinally discontinuous rigid vegetation patches in a river channel were conducted using ANSYS Fluent. The results show that the longitudinally discontinuous distribution of vegetation patches disrupts the continuity and uniformity of flow velocity in the flow field.When the unit patch size is constant, an increase in vegetation patch coverage ratio leads to a greater velocity difference between the patch region and the mainstream region. When the vegetation patch coverage ratio is constant, an increase in patch fragmentation degree promotes the homogenization of flow velocity across the entire flow field. Flow turbulence is relatively strong in the region from the vegetation bottom to half of the water depth, and both patch coverage ratio and patch fragmentation degree are important factors affecting turbulence intensity.An increase in patch coverage ratio enhances turbulence characteristics in the mainstream region, whereas an increase in patch fragmentation degree intensifies turbulence characteristics within the patches.
2026,46(3):73-79
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.010
Abstract:
To address the challenge of balancing a large field of view and high-resolution flow field measurement in 3D scaled model tests of landslide-generated impulse waves, we developed a PIV analysis system for large-scale landslide-generated impulse waves based on a multi-lens array camera. This system integrates four key technologies: wide-angle distortion correction, irregular image corner point mapping, rapid image fusion and stitching, and PIV analysis for large-scale landslide-generated impulse wave flow fields. It enables observation and PIV analysis of the movement process of landslide-generated impulse waves in 3D scaled model tests. Taking the large-scale 3D physical model test of Wangjiashan landslide-generated impulse waves as an example, PIV analysis of the landslide-generated impulse wave flow field was conducted. The results verify the accuracy and feasibility of the PIV analysis system for large-scale landslide-generated impulse waves, providing a reference for further research on the movement process of landslide-generated impulse waves in 3D scaled model tests.
To address the challenge of balancing a large field of view and high-resolution flow field measurement in 3D scaled model tests of landslide-generated impulse waves, we developed a PIV analysis system for large-scale landslide-generated impulse waves based on a multi-lens array camera. This system integrates four key technologies: wide-angle distortion correction, irregular image corner point mapping, rapid image fusion and stitching, and PIV analysis for large-scale landslide-generated impulse wave flow fields. It enables observation and PIV analysis of the movement process of landslide-generated impulse waves in 3D scaled model tests. Taking the large-scale 3D physical model test of Wangjiashan landslide-generated impulse waves as an example, PIV analysis of the landslide-generated impulse wave flow field was conducted. The results verify the accuracy and feasibility of the PIV analysis system for large-scale landslide-generated impulse waves, providing a reference for further research on the movement process of landslide-generated impulse waves in 3D scaled model tests.
2026,46(3):80-87
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.011
Abstract:
To address the issue that current coupled surface water flow and pipe network flow models are mostly based on structured grids, making it difficult to adapt to complex coastlines and urban boundaries, a real-time bidirectional dynamic coupling model, FVCOM-SWMM, was developed based on the open-source unstructured-grid hydrodynamic model FVCOM and the pipe network hydrodynamic model SWMM. The reliability of the proposed model was verified by comparing its results with those from commercial software and physical model experiments. The simulated results of a rain-tide coincident event in a coastal urban area with tortuous coastlines and complex building layouts show that the model can be used to simulate flooding processes in urban areas with complex boundaries under storm surge conditions.
To address the issue that current coupled surface water flow and pipe network flow models are mostly based on structured grids, making it difficult to adapt to complex coastlines and urban boundaries, a real-time bidirectional dynamic coupling model, FVCOM-SWMM, was developed based on the open-source unstructured-grid hydrodynamic model FVCOM and the pipe network hydrodynamic model SWMM. The reliability of the proposed model was verified by comparing its results with those from commercial software and physical model experiments. The simulated results of a rain-tide coincident event in a coastal urban area with tortuous coastlines and complex building layouts show that the model can be used to simulate flooding processes in urban areas with complex boundaries under storm surge conditions.
2026,46(3):88-94
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.012
Abstract:
In order to identify nano-additives that can effectively enhance drag reduction performance of thixotropic slurry used in pipe jacking construction of water diversion projects, an orthogonal test with three factors and five levels was designed to obtain an optimal slurry formulation suitable for engineering practice. On this basis, reduced-scale physical model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different nano-additives on the slurry’s drag-reduction performance. The results show that the bentonite content has a significant influence on the slurry’s viscosity, fluid loss, and filter-cake thickness, the CMC content greatly affects fluid loss and viscosity, and the sodium carbonate content mainly increases the slurry’s pH value, while only slightly affecting viscosity and fluid loss. Consequently, the optimal formulation was determined as 10% mass fraction of bentonite, 0.3% of CMC, and 0.32% of sodium carbonate. The friction reduction efficiency of the nano-additives is generally within 0.4 to 0.6 and decreases with increasing contact pressure between the pipe and soil. After applying petroleum jelly, the pipe surface becomes smoother, and both the friction force and pipe-soil cohesion are reduced. Nano carbon powder and nano zinc oxide can reduce the pipe-soil friction coefficient, and all nano-materials can reduce pipe-soil cohesion. For practical water diversion projects, nano zinc oxide is recommended as a preferred additive.
In order to identify nano-additives that can effectively enhance drag reduction performance of thixotropic slurry used in pipe jacking construction of water diversion projects, an orthogonal test with three factors and five levels was designed to obtain an optimal slurry formulation suitable for engineering practice. On this basis, reduced-scale physical model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different nano-additives on the slurry’s drag-reduction performance. The results show that the bentonite content has a significant influence on the slurry’s viscosity, fluid loss, and filter-cake thickness, the CMC content greatly affects fluid loss and viscosity, and the sodium carbonate content mainly increases the slurry’s pH value, while only slightly affecting viscosity and fluid loss. Consequently, the optimal formulation was determined as 10% mass fraction of bentonite, 0.3% of CMC, and 0.32% of sodium carbonate. The friction reduction efficiency of the nano-additives is generally within 0.4 to 0.6 and decreases with increasing contact pressure between the pipe and soil. After applying petroleum jelly, the pipe surface becomes smoother, and both the friction force and pipe-soil cohesion are reduced. Nano carbon powder and nano zinc oxide can reduce the pipe-soil friction coefficient, and all nano-materials can reduce pipe-soil cohesion. For practical water diversion projects, nano zinc oxide is recommended as a preferred additive.
2026,46(3):95-101
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.013
Abstract:
To address the low efficiency of conventional methods for parameter inversion of rockfill dams, a rockfill dam parameter inversion method based on a Kriging surrogate model optimization algorithm is proposed. The method first extracts a small number of initial sample points from the parameter space using the Latin hypercube sampling method to establish a relatively coarse Kriging surrogate model. New sample points are then selected according to various infill criteria to update the sample set, thereby obtaining a higher-accuracy Kriging surrogate model to perform optimization until the convergence conditions are met. During the process of gradually adding the number of sampling points, this method can ensure that the newly added sample points fall within the parameter space with the greatest potential for optimal solutions, reducing the randomness of sample point selection of traditional surrogate models and thus improving inversion analysis efficiency. The verification results from an engineering case show that the proposed method can reduce the number of finite element model calculations, improve the sampling efficiency of the surrogate model, shorten the parameter inversion time, and enhance the average calculation accuracy at inversion analysis points.
To address the low efficiency of conventional methods for parameter inversion of rockfill dams, a rockfill dam parameter inversion method based on a Kriging surrogate model optimization algorithm is proposed. The method first extracts a small number of initial sample points from the parameter space using the Latin hypercube sampling method to establish a relatively coarse Kriging surrogate model. New sample points are then selected according to various infill criteria to update the sample set, thereby obtaining a higher-accuracy Kriging surrogate model to perform optimization until the convergence conditions are met. During the process of gradually adding the number of sampling points, this method can ensure that the newly added sample points fall within the parameter space with the greatest potential for optimal solutions, reducing the randomness of sample point selection of traditional surrogate models and thus improving inversion analysis efficiency. The verification results from an engineering case show that the proposed method can reduce the number of finite element model calculations, improve the sampling efficiency of the surrogate model, shorten the parameter inversion time, and enhance the average calculation accuracy at inversion analysis points.
2026,46(3):102-109, 139
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.014
Abstract:
To understand the variation patterns of water temperature in the Xiluodu Reservoir area after the impoundment and operation of the Wudongde and Baihetan reservoirs, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of water temperature and the evolution process of thermal stratification in the Xiluodu Reservoir area based on in-situ water temperature observation data from 2019 to 2024 and historical hydrological data from 2014 to 2018. The analysis was conducted using mathematical statistics, comparative analysis, and the Mann-Kendall trend analysis method, incorporating thermal stratification evaluation indices. The results show that after the impoundment of the upstream cascade reservoirs, the thermal stratification stability gradually increased. Downstream water temperature exhibited a flattening trend, characterized by higher values in autumn and winter and lower values in spring and summer, and the occurrence of low water temperatures showed a lagging characteristic. Furthermore, the degree of water temperature flattening and lagging increased with the number of cascade reservoirs. The peak value of the thermal stratification stability index increased from 2.52 m-1 to 3.71 m-1, while the vertical temperature gradient decreased year by year after impoundment. The mean inflow water temperature decreased by 0.52°C in summer and increased by 2.64°C in winter, with the annual temperature range decreasing by 7.78%. The mean outflow water temperature decreased by 0.53°C in summer and increased by 1.93°C in winter, with the intra-annual extreme variation range decreasing by 0.6% to 11.1%. The occurrence time of the minimum water temperature at various cross-sections along the channel was delayed by 4 to 26 days compared with the pre-impoundment period.
To understand the variation patterns of water temperature in the Xiluodu Reservoir area after the impoundment and operation of the Wudongde and Baihetan reservoirs, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of water temperature and the evolution process of thermal stratification in the Xiluodu Reservoir area based on in-situ water temperature observation data from 2019 to 2024 and historical hydrological data from 2014 to 2018. The analysis was conducted using mathematical statistics, comparative analysis, and the Mann-Kendall trend analysis method, incorporating thermal stratification evaluation indices. The results show that after the impoundment of the upstream cascade reservoirs, the thermal stratification stability gradually increased. Downstream water temperature exhibited a flattening trend, characterized by higher values in autumn and winter and lower values in spring and summer, and the occurrence of low water temperatures showed a lagging characteristic. Furthermore, the degree of water temperature flattening and lagging increased with the number of cascade reservoirs. The peak value of the thermal stratification stability index increased from 2.52 m-1 to 3.71 m-1, while the vertical temperature gradient decreased year by year after impoundment. The mean inflow water temperature decreased by 0.52°C in summer and increased by 2.64°C in winter, with the annual temperature range decreasing by 7.78%. The mean outflow water temperature decreased by 0.53°C in summer and increased by 1.93°C in winter, with the intra-annual extreme variation range decreasing by 0.6% to 11.1%. The occurrence time of the minimum water temperature at various cross-sections along the channel was delayed by 4 to 26 days compared with the pre-impoundment period.
2026,46(3):110-120
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.015
Abstract:
To investigate the influence of the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections on the hydraulic characteristics of large interchange culverts, the interchange culvert of the Binhai Hub of the Huaihe River Sea-Entry Channel (Phase II Project) was taken as the research object. A parametric study on the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections was conducted using a 1∶30 normal-section physical model and the OpenFOAM three-dimensional numerical model. The hydraulic characteristics of the culvert under different flow rate and water level conditions were analyzed in terms of flow capacity, velocity distribution, sectional energy, head loss, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate. The results show that the total head loss coefficient of the culvert exhibits a nonlinear variation pattern, first decreasing slowly and then increasing rapidly, with the increase of the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections. The total head loss coefficient varies between 0.837 and 1.464. The maximum hydraulic gradient of total head occurs at the downstream culvert inlet and its connecting section, where the head loss accounts for 55.07% to 72.67% of the total head loss, and this section is the most sensitive to changes in bottom slope. Both excessively large and excessively small bottom slope ratios are prone to inducing unfavorable velocity patterns, thereby affecting the flow capacity of the culvert. The scheme with a bottom slope ratio of 1∶7 exhibits the minimum head loss, the optimal flow pattern, and excellent and stable hydraulic performance under different flow rates, with its flow coefficient ranging from 0.868 to 0.928.
To investigate the influence of the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections on the hydraulic characteristics of large interchange culverts, the interchange culvert of the Binhai Hub of the Huaihe River Sea-Entry Channel (Phase II Project) was taken as the research object. A parametric study on the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections was conducted using a 1∶30 normal-section physical model and the OpenFOAM three-dimensional numerical model. The hydraulic characteristics of the culvert under different flow rate and water level conditions were analyzed in terms of flow capacity, velocity distribution, sectional energy, head loss, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate. The results show that the total head loss coefficient of the culvert exhibits a nonlinear variation pattern, first decreasing slowly and then increasing rapidly, with the increase of the bottom slope ratio of the upstream and downstream connecting sections. The total head loss coefficient varies between 0.837 and 1.464. The maximum hydraulic gradient of total head occurs at the downstream culvert inlet and its connecting section, where the head loss accounts for 55.07% to 72.67% of the total head loss, and this section is the most sensitive to changes in bottom slope. Both excessively large and excessively small bottom slope ratios are prone to inducing unfavorable velocity patterns, thereby affecting the flow capacity of the culvert. The scheme with a bottom slope ratio of 1∶7 exhibits the minimum head loss, the optimal flow pattern, and excellent and stable hydraulic performance under different flow rates, with its flow coefficient ranging from 0.868 to 0.928.
2026,46(3):121-128
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.016
Abstract:
To improve the quality of underwater excavation operations, this paper proposes a digital twin-based method for intelligent guidance and operational quality control of underwater excavation. By developing intelligent guidance hardware for the excavator and establishing the geometric relationships and kinematic equations of its components, efficient calculation of the bucket tip pose is achieved. A building information model (BIM) of the underwater excavation profile is established using Three.js and Unity 3D, and a digital twin model of the excavator is constructed by integrating real-time sensor data. Finally, based on real-time calculation of the relative distance between the bucket tip and the target excavation surface, an intelligent guidance and operational quality control strategy for excavation operations is developed, and the corresponding system is implemented. Case study results demonstrate that this method enables three-dimensional visualization of the excavation process and remote collaborative monitoring, provides intelligent guidance for operators to correct deviations, and ensures the quality of underwater excavation.
To improve the quality of underwater excavation operations, this paper proposes a digital twin-based method for intelligent guidance and operational quality control of underwater excavation. By developing intelligent guidance hardware for the excavator and establishing the geometric relationships and kinematic equations of its components, efficient calculation of the bucket tip pose is achieved. A building information model (BIM) of the underwater excavation profile is established using Three.js and Unity 3D, and a digital twin model of the excavator is constructed by integrating real-time sensor data. Finally, based on real-time calculation of the relative distance between the bucket tip and the target excavation surface, an intelligent guidance and operational quality control strategy for excavation operations is developed, and the corresponding system is implemented. Case study results demonstrate that this method enables three-dimensional visualization of the excavation process and remote collaborative monitoring, provides intelligent guidance for operators to correct deviations, and ensures the quality of underwater excavation.
2026,46(3):129-139
DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2026.03.017
Abstract:
To address operational instability issues at hydropower stations, such as frequent unit start-stops and passage through vibration zones, under fluctuating grid loads, a real-time load adjustment strategy was developed to handle grid load fluctuations of varying magnitudes. This strategy flexibly selects the combination of units participating in the adjustment through four modules: power station status updating, maintaining the number of operating units, increasing or decreasing the number of operating units, and global traversal. A load optimization allocation model aimed at minimizing water consumption was established and solved using a dynamic programming algorithm. Taking the Dongfeng Hydropower Station in the Wujiang River Basin as an example, the proposed method was validated. The results indicate that, following optimization, the cumulative number of unit start-stop cycles over three days and the number of instances of crossing the vibration zone decreased by 44.12% and 67.21%, respectively, while the total water consumption decreased by approximately 7.6×105 m3. This real-time load adjustment strategy can effectively ensure power generation demand, significantly improve the economic efficiency and stability of hydropower station operations, and thus provide reliable technical support for the real-time dispatch of hydropower stations under frequent grid load fluctuations.
To address operational instability issues at hydropower stations, such as frequent unit start-stops and passage through vibration zones, under fluctuating grid loads, a real-time load adjustment strategy was developed to handle grid load fluctuations of varying magnitudes. This strategy flexibly selects the combination of units participating in the adjustment through four modules: power station status updating, maintaining the number of operating units, increasing or decreasing the number of operating units, and global traversal. A load optimization allocation model aimed at minimizing water consumption was established and solved using a dynamic programming algorithm. Taking the Dongfeng Hydropower Station in the Wujiang River Basin as an example, the proposed method was validated. The results indicate that, following optimization, the cumulative number of unit start-stop cycles over three days and the number of instances of crossing the vibration zone decreased by 44.12% and 67.21%, respectively, while the total water consumption decreased by approximately 7.6×105 m3. This real-time load adjustment strategy can effectively ensure power generation demand, significantly improve the economic efficiency and stability of hydropower station operations, and thus provide reliable technical support for the real-time dispatch of hydropower stations under frequent grid load fluctuations.
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In order to study the effect of water diversion project operation on the hydrodynamics and water temperature structure of the Hedi reservoir , a three-dimensional hydrodynamic water-temperature coupling model was established based on MIKE3, and the changes of hydrodynamic, water temperature structure and stability of Hedi Reservoir under different scenarios were analyzed by combining the relative water column stability(RWCS). The results show that the high-flow diversion and drainage after the operation of the water diversion project significantly enhance the original hydrodynamic conditions of Hedi Reservoir, and the low operating water level is the most affected by the water diversion due to the small flow in dry years. The hydrodynamic enhancement caused by the inflow of external water will intensify the mixing between water bodies, resulting in a uniform vertical water temperature distribution, and the greater the increase in hydrodynamic force, the greater the damage to the water temperature structure. The change of water temperature structure will cause the change of water intake water temperature, which will have an impact on the irrigation area and downstream ecology. The operation of water diversion project will reduce the stability of thermal stratification of Hedi Reservoir, which will help weaken the water quality stratification formed by water temperature and thermal stratification in summer and autumn.
In order to study the effect of water diversion project operation on the hydrodynamics and water temperature structure of the Hedi reservoir , a three-dimensional hydrodynamic water-temperature coupling model was established based on MIKE3, and the changes of hydrodynamic, water temperature structure and stability of Hedi Reservoir under different scenarios were analyzed by combining the relative water column stability(RWCS). The results show that the high-flow diversion and drainage after the operation of the water diversion project significantly enhance the original hydrodynamic conditions of Hedi Reservoir, and the low operating water level is the most affected by the water diversion due to the small flow in dry years. The hydrodynamic enhancement caused by the inflow of external water will intensify the mixing between water bodies, resulting in a uniform vertical water temperature distribution, and the greater the increase in hydrodynamic force, the greater the damage to the water temperature structure. The change of water temperature structure will cause the change of water intake water temperature, which will have an impact on the irrigation area and downstream ecology. The operation of water diversion project will reduce the stability of thermal stratification of Hedi Reservoir, which will help weaken the water quality stratification formed by water temperature and thermal stratification in summer and autumn.
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2019,39(1):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.001
Abstract:
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
Since flood is formed by storm, flood forecasting is the continuity of precipitation prediction. In recent 30 years, numerical weather prediction has made great advance, but the attempt to apply watershed hydrological model in flood forecasting is slow. The reasons for the different accuracies between numerical weather prediction and flood forecasting are investigated. Successful experience of numerical weather prediction and the problems of watershed hydrological model in the application of flood forecasting are discussed by means of comparison of the weather model and the watershed hydrological model. Problems discussed are the prediction methods and the forecasting time, the initial fields and the boundary value fields, data assimilation and data fusion. It is expected that great inspirations to flood forecasting can be obtained from the successful experience of numerical weather prediction. In the near future, seamless connection can be realized between weather prediction and flood forecasting, and as a result, the accuracy of flood forecasting can thus be improved and the forecasting time can be extended.
2020,40(1):1-9, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.001
Abstract:
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
In order to reasonably synthesize the carrying capacity of regional water resources by the four elements of water quantity, water quality, water space and stream flow, a water resources carrying capacity evaluation model based on the four elements and a risk matrix(QQSS-RM)was proposed. Firstly, 48 preliminary evaluation indicators under the subsystem of quantity-quality-space-stream were constructed and the weight of each evaluation index in the four elements was calculated by expert consultation information method and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Through screening and analysis, 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained to construct the evaluation index system for the regional water resources carrying capacity. Secondly, 4 evaluation grade criteria of 8 comprehensive evaluation indexes were obtained by referring to relevant literature and expert opinions. Finally, an evaluation model of water resources carrying capacity based on QQSS-RM was constructed, which was applied to three third grade zones of water resources in the Xiliao River Basin. The results show that the water resources carrying capacity evaluation level of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, Wulijimulun River and the downstream of Xiliao River are overloaded, critical overloaded and overloaded respectively, showing a poor water resources carrying capacity of the Xiliao River Basin. The evaluation results are basically consistent with the current status of the Xiliao River Basin, indicating that the QQSS-RM model has better application value in regional water resources carrying capacity evaluation.
2020,40(2):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.02.001
Abstract:
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
Problems exist in the construction and management of ecological irrigation districts, such as low efficiency in industry and resources, irrigation water deterioration and decreased ecological diversity. Based on the theoretical guidance of the rural revitalization strategy and its 20 words general requirements, construction and management of ecological irrigation districts under the guidance of the rural revitalization strategy were discussed. Three red lines for the construction and management of irrigation districts were proposed, including the baseline of agricultural quality and production, the baseline of ecological environment and the upper limit of resources development and utilization. The ecological irrigation districts should develop in the direction of effective supply of food production and other products, perfection in ecological environmental landscape, protection and high-efficiency utilization of resources. This paper provides scientific references of sustainable and green development for ecological irrigation districts.
2020,40(3):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.03.001
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Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
Spring ecological water requirement for the fishes in the Yellow River Estuary should meet the needs of the habitat and spawning ground of freshwater fishes, channel of migratory fishes, and spawning ground of offshore migratory fishes. According to the living habit of fishes, the time of runoff propagation, the mixing time of fresh water and salt water, and the discharge feature since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, key attention should be paid to the water requirement from March to May. A minimum ecological flow discharge of 240 m3/s is needed according to the living habit of fishes and the continuity of the migration channel. A flow discharge pulse with a peak of 890 m3/s, lasting for 8d in the middle stage of April is also needed considering the pulse characteristics in nature period. In this condition, the runoff in spring is 21. 6×108 m3, satisfying the requirement of 21×108 m3 for the low salt spawning condition of offshore migratory fishes. The mean annual spring runoff is 21×108 m3 since the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. It is of great feasibility to satisfy the fish ecological water requirement by optimizing the annual or the interannual operation modes.
2015,35(4):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.04.001
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Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
Through the analysis of parameters and structure, it was found that the description of storm water management model(SWMM) on the process of rainfall-runoff formation in urban areas is consistent with urban runoff yield and concentration rule. The physical concept of SWMM is clear because the runoff yield analytical methods are based on hydrology, and concentration analytical methods are based on hydraulics. The parameters of SWMM almost have geometric or physical meanings, but there are some complementary(or dependency) relationships among some parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the equifinality for different parameters on parameter calibration. The composition of the process of rainfall-runoff formation in catchment area exit using the method of simultaneous summation shows that the interference between stormflows from different areas is neglected.
2019,39(3):18-23, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.004
Abstract:
In order to comprehensively understand the current status of global hydropower development, to analyze the development potential of hydropower markets in various countries, and to guide hydropower enterprises to explore the international market, the world is divided into six regions, including North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Central and South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Rim. The current status of hydropower development in various regions of the world, as well as the corresponding status and development goals in key countries are elaborated. Based on the water resources and the development situation, the exploring potential of the global hydropower market is analyzed. The results show that the total installed capacity of hydropower in the world continues to increase but the annual increment shows a downward trend. The hydropower development potential in Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia is relatively large. In terms of technology development, the countries such as Indonesia, Peru, DR Congo, Tajikistan, Nepal, Angola, Myanmar and Bolivia, etc. , have broad prospects for future hydropower markets.
In order to comprehensively understand the current status of global hydropower development, to analyze the development potential of hydropower markets in various countries, and to guide hydropower enterprises to explore the international market, the world is divided into six regions, including North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Central and South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Rim. The current status of hydropower development in various regions of the world, as well as the corresponding status and development goals in key countries are elaborated. Based on the water resources and the development situation, the exploring potential of the global hydropower market is analyzed. The results show that the total installed capacity of hydropower in the world continues to increase but the annual increment shows a downward trend. The hydropower development potential in Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia is relatively large. In terms of technology development, the countries such as Indonesia, Peru, DR Congo, Tajikistan, Nepal, Angola, Myanmar and Bolivia, etc. , have broad prospects for future hydropower markets.
2019,39(4):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.04.001
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To examine the damage causes of warping dams and their impacts on sediment delivery into the Yellow River, the characteristics of the rainstorm process at August 17 and the inflow of water-sediment into the Yellow River were obtained based on the field investigation results of 19 warping dam breaches and the data of hydrological stations and rainfall stations in Xiliugou and Hantaichuan watersheds. According to the structure and operation characteristics of the warping dams, combined with the detailed investigation of the flood-induced damage situation, especially the erosion form at the break sites, the causes of flood-induced damage were analyzed from the aspects of rainfall, planning, design, construction and operation management of the warping dams. The break modes and sand-blocking effects of the warping dams were qualitatively presented. Suggestions are proposed, including optimizing dam-system layout and construction standard, improving the structure of drainage structures, strengthening construction quality management, and paying attention to non-engineering measures such as early warning and prediction.
To examine the damage causes of warping dams and their impacts on sediment delivery into the Yellow River, the characteristics of the rainstorm process at August 17 and the inflow of water-sediment into the Yellow River were obtained based on the field investigation results of 19 warping dam breaches and the data of hydrological stations and rainfall stations in Xiliugou and Hantaichuan watersheds. According to the structure and operation characteristics of the warping dams, combined with the detailed investigation of the flood-induced damage situation, especially the erosion form at the break sites, the causes of flood-induced damage were analyzed from the aspects of rainfall, planning, design, construction and operation management of the warping dams. The break modes and sand-blocking effects of the warping dams were qualitatively presented. Suggestions are proposed, including optimizing dam-system layout and construction standard, improving the structure of drainage structures, strengthening construction quality management, and paying attention to non-engineering measures such as early warning and prediction.
2019,39(2):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.02.001
Abstract:
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
To cope with the new challenges of environmental flow research under hydrology, climate and ecosystem changes, research results from both China and abroad have been summarized. Five aspects of shortcomings in the current environmental flow research are pointed out, which also belong to frontier problems and challenges, including(1)Global environmental change and instability; (2)Dynamic simulation of eco-hydrological process in which the transition of hydrological regime from static evaluation to dynamic characteristic evaluation is the key; (3)Characteristics of eco-hydrological relationship in which the coupling research of ecosystem state, process variables and species characteristics, and the research of ecological characteristics, spatial and temporal scales of environmental flows are the key points; (4)Key indicators in environmental flow evaluation; (5)Ecology extension of environmental flow forecasting. To solve these problems, research directions of environmental flows in the background of the Anthropocene are proposed. Dynamic adaptive management of ecological objectives and basic research of ecology from local to reginal areas should be strengthened. Mechanisms of eco-hydrological response based on process should be completed and phased implementation of non-hydrological indicator coupling should be intensified. Evaluation and application of environmental flows under adaptive management should be strengthened to guarantee ecological integrity.
2019,39(3):1-5, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.001
Abstract:
The reservoirs(Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Zipingpu, Pubugou, and Tingzikou)in the upper Yangtze River were considered as the object of study. A nonlinear safety degree strategy for the joint flood control system of the multi-reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River was proposed, based on which a flood storage capacity optimization distribution model for multi-reservoirs was constructed and an in-depth discussion for the flood control effect of the nonlinear safety degree strategy was conducted. The results show that compared with linear safety degree strategy of multi-reservoirs, the flood control capacity of Xiluodu reservoir can be less consumed by increasing the usage of the flood control capacity in other reservoirs by the nonlinear strategy in the condition that the flood control effect of the downstream is not deteriorated. The application of the nonlinear safety degree strategy can relatively balance the flood storage capacity allocation of the reservoirs, make the reservoirs share the flood risk of the flood control areas, give full play to the flood control benefits of the reservoirs, and ensure the stable and safe operation of the multi-reservoir system.
The reservoirs(Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, Zipingpu, Pubugou, and Tingzikou)in the upper Yangtze River were considered as the object of study. A nonlinear safety degree strategy for the joint flood control system of the multi-reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River was proposed, based on which a flood storage capacity optimization distribution model for multi-reservoirs was constructed and an in-depth discussion for the flood control effect of the nonlinear safety degree strategy was conducted. The results show that compared with linear safety degree strategy of multi-reservoirs, the flood control capacity of Xiluodu reservoir can be less consumed by increasing the usage of the flood control capacity in other reservoirs by the nonlinear strategy in the condition that the flood control effect of the downstream is not deteriorated. The application of the nonlinear safety degree strategy can relatively balance the flood storage capacity allocation of the reservoirs, make the reservoirs share the flood risk of the flood control areas, give full play to the flood control benefits of the reservoirs, and ensure the stable and safe operation of the multi-reservoir system.
2020,40(1):17-24, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2020.01.003
Abstract:
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
The geological disaster chain related to landslide dams has caused a lot of economic losses and casualties to China every year. Based on data statistics, the triggering factors and distribution rules of landslide dams in China in the past 10 years were analyzed. The results show that, there has been more than 100 recorded landslide dams in China. Earthquakes and heavy rainfalls are the main trigger factors, since they account for more than 90% of the total statistics. In terms of geographical distribution, Southwestern China is the heavy disaster-area of hazards related to landslide dams, and the landslide dam number accounts for more than 80% of the total statistics. The number of landslide dams in Sichuan Province is far more than that of other provinces, as it has suffered from the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan earthquake. Taiwan Province ranks the second, since there are 11 landslide dams recorded in the past 10 years due to the impact of typhoons yearly, accounting for 10. 2% of the total, followed by Yunnan, Chongqing and other provinces. In terms of temporal distribution, the number of landslide dams is basically fluctuating within the normal range except for the year 2008.
2021,41(2):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2021.02.001
Abstract:
An improved corridor constraint and IPSO-DPSA algorithm were proposed to solve the problem of morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the reservoir operation optimization process. Based on the hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization and dynamic programming successive approximation, this method optimizes the evolution process by introducing improved corridor constraints, special individual evolution mode, external elite set strategy, making the solution set as close as possible to the Pareto-optimal front of the multi-objective problem. The case study of the multi-objective optimization problem of the scheduling graph of the Chitan Reservoir shows that the algorithm can effectively control the morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the optimization process, and has good optimization performance.
An improved corridor constraint and IPSO-DPSA algorithm were proposed to solve the problem of morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the reservoir operation optimization process. Based on the hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization and dynamic programming successive approximation, this method optimizes the evolution process by introducing improved corridor constraints, special individual evolution mode, external elite set strategy, making the solution set as close as possible to the Pareto-optimal front of the multi-objective problem. The case study of the multi-objective optimization problem of the scheduling graph of the Chitan Reservoir shows that the algorithm can effectively control the morphological distortion of the dispatching line in the optimization process, and has good optimization performance.
2017,37(4):1-7, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.04.001
Abstract:
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
The hydrological principle of the structure and parameters of watershed hydrological models, the physical coupling relationship between the structure and parameters, and the essential difference between lumped and distributed watershed hydrological models were investigated. The characteristics of the solution methods for these two models, and the reasons causing the phenomenon of equifinality for different parameters during the calibration of the watershed hydrological models, as well as methods to alleviate the effects of this phenomenon, are discussed. A method for verification and comparison of the watershed hydrological models is proposed.
2019,39(1):7-14, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.01.002
Abstract:
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
The goal of water governance is specified from five dimensions, including resources, economy, sociality, ecology and environment. The evaluation index system of the water governance in China is systematically designed. The current situation of water governance is comprehensively evaluated and the variation trend of China's water governance in 2020-2050 is forecasted using the hierarchical equal weight method and the target consistency method. The results show that the index of water governance has been increased quickly from below 0. 235 to near 0. 70 since the reform and opening-up. The acceleration period of water governance is from 2010 to 2015, in which the water governance index has increased about 50%. It is expected that the water governance index will exceed 0. 85 by 2020, and the harmonization between economic development and water resources utilization will be realized. The index of water governance will reach 0. 95 by 2030, and the harmonization between economic development and water pollution will be realized. The capacity of water safety support can be significantly improved and the water governance targets can be realized basically. The index of water governance will reach the optimum value of 1 by 2050, and the water resources utilization, water pollution discharge, water disaster loss and water ecology degradation area will be zero growth, fully achieving the harmony between human and water.
2019,39(3):6-10, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2019.03.002
Abstract:
Aiming at the complex problems of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, an overall regulation and control idea based on the theory of virtuous circulation of water resources is proposed, which includes the smooth circulation of natural water resources and the cooperative equilibrium of social water resources circulation. Coping strategies are put forward in five aspects, including nature-enriched water regulation, combination of concentrated and sporadic sewage treatment, unified regulation, water consumption management, and synergetic utilization of water market. The present study is aimed at achieving virtuous circulation to support sustainable utilization of water resources and green development.
Aiming at the complex problems of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, an overall regulation and control idea based on the theory of virtuous circulation of water resources is proposed, which includes the smooth circulation of natural water resources and the cooperative equilibrium of social water resources circulation. Coping strategies are put forward in five aspects, including nature-enriched water regulation, combination of concentrated and sporadic sewage treatment, unified regulation, water consumption management, and synergetic utilization of water market. The present study is aimed at achieving virtuous circulation to support sustainable utilization of water resources and green development.
2017,37(3):1-6, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2017.03.001
Abstract:
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
The development process of research on the water resources carrying capacity in China is systematically summarized, and it can be divided into five stages: the creation of conception, the preliminary study, the gradual improvement, the difficult development, and the innovation era. On the basis of comparison of research methods, the calculation methods of water resources carrying capacity can be divided into three categories: the empirical formula method, comprehensive evaluation method, and system analysis method. The control objective inversion model(COIM)based on simulation and optimization and its applications are introduced. It is pointed out that research on the water resources carrying capacity in the future focuses on: using the empirical formula method to calculate the national water resources carrying capacity and system analysis method for detailed calculation; constructing the calculation model of water resources carrying capacity and forewarning system platform; studying the dynamic carrying capacity of water resources under the changing environment; and considering the current achievements of water resources regulation and the balance development of water resources and economic society.
2015,35(3):11-18, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2015.03.003
Abstract:
Fecal Coliform (FC) concentration in surface waters, such as, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal areas, of China was surveyed based on literatures published since 1980s. From the survey, the temporal variation and the spatial distribution of FC concentration is analyzed, and then influencing factors on distribution characteristics of FC are systematically discussed. The results demonstrate that FC concentration is generally high throughout the surface waters in China, which indicates that the waters suffer a severe microbial contamination. Rivers are most severely contaminated among different water bodies while reservoirs are cleanest. The concentration of FC shows significant inter-annual and intra-annual fluctuations, with the concentration in wet seasons being much greater than that in dry seasons. There is no obvious distribution pattern of FC concentration between southern and northern waters, while the FC concentration in eastern areas is obviously greater than that in western areas. The FC concentration in lower reaches of rivers is greater than that in the upper reaches, and the FC concentration near shore is greater than offshore. These indicate that human actions significantly increase the concentration of FC. Rainfall-runoff has a significant impact on the temporal variation and spatial distribution of FC. Besides, many other physical-chemical factors, including organic content, trophic level, salinity, and temperature of water are also responsible for the spatial distribution and temporal variation of concentration of FC.
Fecal Coliform (FC) concentration in surface waters, such as, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal areas, of China was surveyed based on literatures published since 1980s. From the survey, the temporal variation and the spatial distribution of FC concentration is analyzed, and then influencing factors on distribution characteristics of FC are systematically discussed. The results demonstrate that FC concentration is generally high throughout the surface waters in China, which indicates that the waters suffer a severe microbial contamination. Rivers are most severely contaminated among different water bodies while reservoirs are cleanest. The concentration of FC shows significant inter-annual and intra-annual fluctuations, with the concentration in wet seasons being much greater than that in dry seasons. There is no obvious distribution pattern of FC concentration between southern and northern waters, while the FC concentration in eastern areas is obviously greater than that in western areas. The FC concentration in lower reaches of rivers is greater than that in the upper reaches, and the FC concentration near shore is greater than offshore. These indicate that human actions significantly increase the concentration of FC. Rainfall-runoff has a significant impact on the temporal variation and spatial distribution of FC. Besides, many other physical-chemical factors, including organic content, trophic level, salinity, and temperature of water are also responsible for the spatial distribution and temporal variation of concentration of FC.
2016,36(3):1-4, DOI: 10.3880/j.issn.1006-7647.2016.03.001
Abstract:
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
The characteristics and advantages of the big data method are discussed in this paper. In the method, mathematical formulas are replaced by intensive data in order to precisely describe the temporal and spatial variation of hydrological phenomena or the solution of a differential equation. The reasons why hydrology needs big data and technical support for obtaining hydrological big data are also discussed. The big data method may inspire the innovation of scientific thinking and become a way of solving complex problems in hydrology.
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顾冲时
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210098
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jz@hhu.edu.cn
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32-1439/TV
- ISSN：
1006-7647
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